ZmwdtaoG;tom;onf tm'HxHrS tarGqufcHjcif;jzpfonf/ topfwzef arG;zGm; jcif;onf bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmftm;jzifh jzpfyGm;apwmjzpfonf/ bmtwGufaMumifh uREkfyfwdkY topfwzefarG;zGm;zkdY vdktyfygovJ? vHk;0OóHkysufpD;usqHk;aeaom vuf&Sdtajc taeudk em;rvnfyJ xdkar;enf;udk ESdyfESdyfcRwfcRwfem;vnf ajzqdkEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ þa'oem awmfonf azmfjyygtaMumif;t&mESifhywfoufí aEG;axG;wifjyvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ rdrdwdkY\ vuf&Sd vHk;0OóHkysufpD;aewJh tajctaetwGuf 0rf;enf;aMuuGJzG,ftodr&SdyJ/ topfwzef jyKjyifarG;zGm;zdkYvdkaMumif; xnfh0ifpOf;pm;Edkifvdrfhrnfr[kwf/ xkdYaMumifh or®musrf;pmu ]]usqHk;vlom;ESifh xdkvlom;\ tajctaeudk uREkfyfwkdYtm; ajymjyaeonf/

I. yxr vlom;rsKd;EG,ftm;vHk;wkdY\ rlvtajctae/

tjypfuif;pifvsuf xm0&bk&m;tm; udk;uG,fjcif;iSg? oefY&Sif;pGmjzifh yxr vlom; tm'HESifh{0udk bk&m;ocif zefqif;awmfrlNyD/

xdkokdY bk&m;ocifonfvnf; rdrdyHko@mefESifh tnD vludkzefqif;awmfrl\/ bk&m;ocif\yHko@mefawmfESifhtnD a,musfm;? vlrdef;rudk zefqif;NyD;vQif (urÇmOD; 1;27)

vlom;onf bk&m;ocif\yHko@mefawmfESifhtnD zefqif;aomowå0g jzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm bk&m;ocifESifhwlatmif zefqif;jci;fcHaomol[lí jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf emrf0dnmOfjzpfonf/ vlom;0dnmOfonfvnf; 0dnmOfjzpfonf/ emrf0dnmOf\ ½kyf&nf*kPfyk'f rsm;onf nmPfynmtarsmftjrif? 0rf;enf;cHpm;vG,fjcif;ESifh tvdkqE´rsm;jzpfMuonf/ a'gufwmcsm;pf[kwfpf ajymMum;onfrSm bk&m;ocifonf emrf0dnmOfjzpfonf/ 0dnmOfawmf\ *kPf&nf*kPfyk'frsm;jzpfaomtaMumif;t&m &Sif;vif;csufudk qHk;jzwfEdkifjcif;? tqdk;taumif; ydkif;jcm;Edkifaom todpdwfESifh tvdkqE´paom xl;jcm;aom*kPfyk'fwdkYjzifh vludk bk&m;ocif zefqif;rwnf&if;ESD;ay;cJhonf/ tu,fí bk&m;ocif ol\yHko@mefawmfESifhtnD zefqif; jcif;r[kwfcJhaomf uREkfyfwkdYonf zefqif;&Sifbk&m;ocifudk odEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ om;½dkif; wd&pämefrsm;ESifhtvm;wlNyD; ysufpD;jcif;cH&Muygvdrfhrnf/(1946ç twGJ 2pm 97ç csm;pf[kwf- yDtdyfpf'D? atJvfref\ pepfwus bk&m;ociftaMumif; avhvmjcif;pmtkyf)

igawGUaomt&mwpfckwnf;[lrlum; bk&m;ocifonf vludkajzmifhrwfatmif zefqif; awmfrlaomfvnf; vlwkdYonf rsm;jym;aomtBuHtpnfwdkYudk &SmazGBuHpnfMuNyD; (a'oem 7;29? xdktaMumif;t&m urÇmOD;usrf; 1;31 üvnf; azmfjyonf/

bk&m;ocifonfzefqif;orQaomt&mwkdYudkMunfh½IvQif tvGefaumif;onfudk jrifawmfrl\/

tu,fívlom;wkdY tm;enf;csuf? rjynfhpHkaomtoufwmrsKd;jzihf zefqif;cJhr,fqdkvQif xdktvGefaumif;onf[laom t&mrSefrnfr[kwfyg/ ([efe&D pD?bDqef?yDtdyfvf'D\ enf;pepfwus bk&m;ocifudk avhvmjcif;pmtkyfed'gef;ysKd;rS tJ,vJref 1949 pm 22ç xkwfa0) 'AAsL?*sD?wD&Swf ajymcJhonfrSm vludkoefY&Sif;jrifhjrwfaomoltjzpf zefqif;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ oefY&Sif;jrifhjrwfjcif;qdkonfrSm tjypfuif;pifjcif;xufomvGefí t"dyÜg,f&Sdygonf/ vludk qefYusifbuf tqdk;jrifbufrS tjypfuif;pifaomolqdkjcif;xuf taumif;jriftm;jzifh oefY&Sif;jrihfjrwfoltjzpf zefqif;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ vlom;wkdY\ topfjyKjyifjcif; tajctae onf vlom;tjypfxJodkY rusqHk;rSD rlvoefY&Sif;jrifhjrwfaom tajctaeü jynfvnfazmfxkwf &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ ]]oefY&Sif;jcif;yg&rDESifh rSefaomajzmifhrwfjcif;ü bk&m;ocifESifhwlatmif zefqif;aomvlopfudk ,lwif0wfaqmifrnftaMumif;wnf;/ ({zuf 4;24) (oAAsL *sD?wD&SyfwfzDtdyfcsf'D trSm;r&Sd[k wxpfcs,HkMunfvufcHaomt,ljzihf bk&m;ocifudk avhvm jcif;a'oem) 1889 twGJ 2 pm 96) a'gufwm*Reft,fvf'pfwfajym&onfrSm ]]vlom;tp tm'HESifh{0wdkYonf tjypfuif;pif? oefY&Sif;jrifhjrwfaomtoufwm rnfrQMumMum aexdkifcJh ovJqdkwm uREkfyfwdkYrodEdkifMuygaomfvnf; trSefwu,f tjypfuif;pifaom umv wpfck txdjzwfoef;touf&SifcJhMuw,fqdkwm urÇmOD;usrf;u axmufjyaeygw,f/ zefqif; &Sift&Sifbk&m;ocifxHawmfyg;rS urÇOD;rdbESpfyg;wdkYonf oefY&Sif;jcif;? aysmf&Tif 0rf;ajrmuf jcif;ESifh vGwfvGwfvyfvyf bk&m;ocifESifh rdwfo[m,jyK aexdkifcJhonfudk jyefawG;Munfhrnf qdkygu uREkfyfwkdYonfvnf; b,fuqif;oufvmMuonfudk axmuf½Iaomf aumif;usKd;csrf; om\tusKd;&v'faumif; &&Sdaumif;&&SdEdkifMuonf/ 'DtaMumif;t&mudk awG;awmpOf;pm; Munfhygu aemufqHk;tm'Hjzpfaom c&pfawmfbk&m;\ tHMozG,fBuD;rm;aom jyefvnfjyKjyif jcif; tpDtpOfem;vnfzkdY&ef ulnDygvdrhfrnf/ (*Reft,fvf-t,fvf*sf'D'D? bk&m;ocifavhvmjcif; vufpGJpmtkyf awmifbufjcrf; ESpfjcif; pmayyHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; toif;k 1858 pm 141ç 143ç 144)

]]usrf;pmvmonfum; a&SUOD;pGmaomtm'Honf vlom;wpfckvHk;udk tjypfxJodkY usqif;aponf” ( 1aum 15;25 )

aemufqHk;jzpfaom tm'Honf tjypfrSa&G;EIwfu,fwif&ef

II. 'kwd,? usqHk;vlom;rsm;

yxrvlom;onfbk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfudkusL;vGefonfESifhtnDxdktm'HESifhtwlrsKd;quftm;vHk;wkdYonfaojcif;xJodkYusa&mufMu&onf/ynwfawmfudkrsKd;aygufonfhtwGufjypf'Pfudkbk&m;ocifrS csrSwfjcif;jzpfonf/

]]xm0&bk&m;ocifuvnf; aumif;raumif;oduRrf;&mtyifrSwpfyg; xdkO,smOfü &SdorQaomtoD;udk ocifonf pm;&aomtcGifh&Sd\/ xdktyif\toD;udkum; rpm;&? pm;aomaeYwGif {ueftrSefao&rnf[k vludkynwfxm;awmfrl\/ (urÇm 2;16-17)

a'gufwma'h*sfajymonfrSm vdrfvnfzsm;a,mif;jcif;udk rcHMuygeJY? Bbk&m;ocifonf aemifajymifavSmifaombk&m;r[kwf[k qdk\/ tm'H\emrcHjcif;aMumifh ol\tkyfpdk;jcif; tcGifh tmPmudk ½kyfodrf;vkdufjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;yif jzpfonf/ emcHjcif;zkdY prf;oyfppf aq;jcif;onf tm'H\emrcHjcif;aMumifh cGifhrvTwfEdkifaomjypfrI jzpfvmcJhonf/ ¤if;onf wpfOD;wnf;aomom; £Zuftm; ,ZfylaZmf&efcufcJjyif;xefaom pHkprf;rIwpfcktwGuf BuD;rm;aomtmjA[H\ ,HkMunfjcif;udk jyovdkufwmjzpfNyD; tm'HckcHrwGef;vSefEdkifaom usL;vGefjcif;udk tmjA[Honf bk&m;ocifudkemcHjcif;jzifh xdkt&mudk a&SmifoGm;vdkufjcif;udk oufaoxlvdkufjzpfygonf/ a'h*sftdkifbD'dkif'Dpm 146 emrcHjcif;aMumifh tm'Honf bk&m;ocif\ rsufarSmufawmfrS pdk;&drfxdwfvefYpGm usqHk;cJh&onf/ a'gufa'h*sf ajymonfrSm wm;jrpfxm;aomtoD;udkpm;rdjcif;xuf BuD;rm;aomtjypf r&Sdawmhyg/ a'h*sftdkifbDtdkif'D tm'Honf bk&m;ocifa&SUarSmufrS vSnfhxGufcJhNyD/ rmefewfa>rqdk;trdefYtmPmudk emcHcJhNyD; bk&m;trdefYudk jiif;qefcJhonfhtwGuf olYESifhrsKd;qufwpfckvHk;wdkY\ toufcEÅm0dnmOf vHk;0 ysufpD;cJh&onf/

]]þtaMumif;t&m[lrlum; tjypfw&m;onf wa,mufaomoltm;jzihf þ avmuodkY0ifí tjypfw&m;tm;jzifh aojcif;w&m;0ifonfESifhtnD vltaygif;wkdYonf tjypf&SdaomaMumifh aojcif;odkYa&muf&Mu\/ (a&mr 5;21)

]]tjypf\tcum; aojcif;aywnf;}} (a&mr 6;23)}}

]]taMumif;rlum; wa,mufaomolonf em;raxmifaomtm;jzihf vlrsm; wkdY onftjypfa&mufonfenf;wl wpfa,mufaomolonf em;axmifaomoltm;jzifh vlrsm;wdkYonf ajzmifhrwf&modkY a&muf&Mu\}} (a&mr 5;19)

1599 *sifeDAmü usrf;pm\atmufajcrSwfpkudk (a&m r 5;19) ay;xm;onf/ þvlom;ESpfOD; (tm'HESifhc&pfawmfonf tajccHtaMumif; (2)&yfudk udk,fpm;jyKonf/ wa,mufaomolu Zmwdyuwdtm;jzifh tjypfyGm;rsm;apNyD;? wa,mufaomolu aus;Zl;awmf tm;jzifh ajzmifhrwfaomolrsm;jzpfapum rlvyuwdtajctaerSefodkY ydkYaqmifay;aeonf/ tjypfonf bdk;ab;tm'H\ajcvSrf;rsm;twdkif; vdkufavQmufjcif; tm;jzifh0ifvmNyD; tusifh oDvysufjym;jcif;tarGudk cH&Muonf/

III. wwd,? vuf&Sdvlom;rsm;\tajctae

a'gufwma'h*sfajymonfrSm a&SUOD;pGmaom vlom;rdbwkdYemrcHjcif; tusKd;&v'f 'kp½dkuftjypfudk vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,mufurS [efYwm;rwm;qD;EdkifaomaMumifh vl om;rsKd;EG,fwpfckvHk; tarGqufcH&Mujcif;jzpfonf/ tm'Honf bk&m;ocif\o@mef awmfESifh tnD zefqif;cH&aomfvnf; tjypf0ifvmaomtcg ysufpD;cJh&NyD; rdrdyHko@mefESifhtnD wpfo@mefwnf; om;udk&\[kqdk\/ (urÇm 5;3)/ xkdYaMumifh tm'HrS qif;oufol rSeforQwdkYonf arG;zGm;uwnf;u usqHk;vlom;uJhokdY tajctaeESifh tusifhpm&dwysufjym;NyD; arG;zGm;qufcHvmMu&onf/ (a'h*sftdkifbDtdkif'D pm 150)

]]xdkjiif;qefaomolwdkYESifhwuG igwdkY&Sdonf txufu udk,fum,\tvdkodkY ¤if;? pdwf\tvdkodkY¤if;vkdufojzifh umr*kPfwdkYESifhusifvnfonfjzpfí

]]xdkolwkdYonf OmPftvif;uG,fonfjzpfí pdwfESvHk;rdkufrJaomtm;jzifh tvif; rodaomaMumifh bk&m;ocif\toufESifh uGm&Sif;vsuf&SdMu\/ ({zuf 4;18)

]]rjypfrSm;aomolwpfa,mufrQr&Sd}} (2&m 6;36)/

]]xdkodkYjzpfvQif tb,fodkYenf;? igwdkYonf jrwfoavm[k ar;aomf? tvsif; rjrwf? taMumif;rlum; ,k'vl? a[vovltaygif;wdkYonf tjypf&SdaMumif;udk txuf ujycJhNyD/ usrf;pmvmonfum; ajzmifhrwfaomolr&Sd wpfa,mufrrSr&Sd? em;vnf;aom olr&Sd? bk&m; ocifudk&Smaomolr&Sd? vltaygif;wkYdonf vrf;vTJMuNyD? wnDwnGwf wnf; toHk;r&aom oljzpfMuNyD/ aumif;aomtusifhudk usifhaomolr&Sd? wpfa,mufrQr&Sd/ olwdkY\ vnfacsmif; onf zGifhxm;aomocsKØif;wGif;jzpf\/ olwkdYonf vQmESifh vSnfhpm;wwfMu\/ olwdkYEIwfcrf; txJrSm a>rqdk;tqdyftawmuf&Sd/ olwkdY EIwfonf usdefqJaompum;? Murf;wrf;aompum;ESifh jynfh0\/ olwdkYajconf vlYtoufudk owfjcif;iSg vQifjref\/ olwdkYoGm;&mvrf;üysufpD;jcif;? 'ku©qif;&Jjcif; &Sd\/ csrf;omvrf;udk olwkdYrodMu? bk&m;ocifudk aMumuf&GHU&aom taMumif;onf olwkdYrsufpdürxif[k usrf;pmvmownf;/ ynwfw&m; ajymorQaompum; wkdYonf ynwfw&m;udkcHaomolwdkYESifh pyfqdkifonfudk igwkdYodMu\/ xdkodkYjzpfí avmuDom; taygif;wkdYonf pum;wcGef;udkrQ rajymEdkifyJ bk&m;ocifa&SUawmfü tjypfoifhaomolrsm; jzpfMu\ (a&mr 3; 9-19)

]]'kp½dkuftjypfESifh aovQuf&SdaomigwkdYudk c&pfawmfESifhtwl touf&Sifap awmfrlNyD/ aus;Zl;awmfaMumifhom u,fwifjcif;odkY a&muf&\/}} ({zuf 2;5)

usqHk;oGm;aomtm'H\rsKd;qufopfrsm; tusifhysufjym;jcif;ESifh tjypfaus;uRef rS rnfuJhodkYu,fwifjcif; &&SdMurnfenf;? tajzrSm rdwfaqGonf 'kwd,arG;zGm;jcif; cH&ygrnf/ (a,m[ef 3;7)/ oifhrdbqDu arG;zGm;vmjcif;onf tm'HrSqif;ouf vmojzihf tjypfxJü ao&rnfomjzpfonf/ rdwfaqG? tckyifxm0&touf &&SdzkdY tvdkYiSg topfwzefarG;zGm;jcif;udk cH,lyg/

topfwzefarG;zGm;jcif;udk oDMoavmf*sDorf;umvü c&pfawmfu ]]'kwd,arG; zGm;jcif; [kac:cJhonf/ (a,m 3;3ç7) (a'gufwm*Refa'h*sf 1794-1884) awmifbuf jcrf;ESpfjcif; oDMoavmf*sD,rfajymonfrSm topfwzefarG;zGm;jcif;acmwfwGif tusifh p½dkufajymif;vJjcif;? pdwfESvHk;topfjyKjyifjcif;paom vlopfrsm;ay:aygufzGm; vmMuonf/ xdkuJhodkY BuD;rm;aom jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; ajymif;vJrIay:aygufvmjcif;udk owå0gtopfrsm;[k ac:onf/ (*Ref-t,fvfa'h*sf.'D'D oDMoavmf*sD vufpGJpmtkyf? awmifbufjcrf;ESpfjcif;pmyHkESdyfwkduf toif;pkç 1858)a'gufwma'h*sfu þusrf;pmtkyfudk &nfnGef;udk;um;onf/

]]vlrnfonfum; c&pf awmfü&SdvQif topfjyKjyifaomowå0gjzpf\/}} (2aum 5;17)

yxr Edk;xaomumvü? atmufpzdkYwuúodkvf emrnfausmfw&m;a[mq&mBuD; a*smh0dIufzD;vf ( 1714-1770) onf 0Jvf? t*Fvef? paumhwvefESifh tar&duEdkifiH wdkYü twdkif;rodrsm;jym;aom vlxky&dowfBuD;tm; v[mjyifü w&m;a[mcJhonf/ (22)ESpft&G,f vli,fomom&Sdao;aomol\ 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf w&m;a'oemawmf onf ¤if;usrf;csufudk tajcjyKxm;onf/ (1837? Mo*kwfvxkwfa0onf) tck uRefawmfonf 0dIufzD;vf\ w&m; a'oemtopfwzef arG;zGm;jcif;acgif;pOfxJu wdkwdkwkwfwkwf tusOf;csKHUNyD; (tuREkfyf udk,fydkifrSwfcsuf) rdwfaqGwdkYtm;ay;ygrnf/ (a*smh0dIufzD;vfa'oemyDatwefyHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;? 1994? twGJ 3? Pm 107-118)ol udk;um;xm;aomusrf;rSm-

vlrnfonfum; c&pfawmfü&SdvQif topfjyKjyifaomowå0gjzpf\ / (2aum 5;17)/

0dIufaz;ajymonfrSm topfaomowå0gjzpfjcif;onf c&pf,mefbmom0ifolwkdYtzdkY tajccHusus vdktyfaomcH,lcsufjzpfonf/ uREkfyfwdkY\u,fwifjcif;pdwfcsrIonf xdkcH,lcsuf tay:üom rlwnfygonf/ xdktcsufonf (Evengelical c&pf,mefrsm;) *dkPf;*Ptm;vHk; oabmwlnDrI &&Sdxm;aomt&mjzpfonf/ ,aeY topfarG;zGm;jcif;ESifhqdkifaom owif;aumif; udk Evengelical q&mrsm; ]]&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;a[mcJaom}} w&m;jzpfygonf/ ,aeYacwf? awmf awmfrsm; c&pf,mef,HkMunfolrsm;yifvQif ]]topfjyKjyifjcif;owå0gopfjzpfjcif;udk em;vnf oabmaygufol enf;yg;Muonf/ 0dIufzD;vfwdkYacwfwkef;uuJhodkY uaeYacwf topf awmfrsm;rsm;ü xdk0rf;enf;zG,ftajctaersm; &Sdaeygonf/

rSefygonf/ uREkfyfwdkYtoif;awmfü awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u or®musrf;pmudk ,HkMunfyg w,f[k ajymMuonf/ c&pfawmfonf t&Sifocifjzpfonf[k 0efrcHcif? taoG;awmfESifh 0,f,l aomu,fwifjcif;\ arsmfvifhjcif;rxm;cif xdkolwdkYü topfjyKjyifjcif;&&Sdrnf/ topfarGzGm; &rnf/ teuf½dIif;qHk;ESvkH;om;xJrSm topfwzefarG;zGm;&rnf[laom trSefw&m;udk ajym& ygrnf/ xdkolwkdYonf edaum'ifuJhodkYidk,dkouJhodkY toufBuD;aomolonf arG;zGm;jcif;udk tb,fuJhodkY cHEdkifygrnfenf;? [lívnf;aumif; atoifNrdKUü&Sdolrsm;uJhodk Yþra&&maom vlonf tb,fodkYajymcsifoenf;? [kajymcJhMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdYonf toif;ol^om;rsm;tm; uREkfyfwdkY\bk&m;a&SUüaysmufqHk;aomolrsm; jzpfMuNyD; olwkdY topfwzefarG;zGm;jcif;&Sd&rnf[k ajym&ygrnf/ trsm;aomolrsm;wkdYu uREkfyfwdkYonf txl;tqef;oufoufudk Mum;&onf[k xifMuygvdrfhrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf uREkfyfwdkYonf c&pfawmfbk&m;udk xdkolwdkYtzdkY a[majymjcif;jzpfonf/ topfwpfzefarG;zGm;yg? w&m;a[mq&mrsm;uyif w&m;yv’ifum; topfjyKjyifjcif;ESifhqdkifaom w&m;udk a&Smif&Sm;Muonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf aysmufrSef; rod aysmufaeaomtoif;oltoif;om;rsm;udk aMumuf&GHUíaomf¤if;? tcsKdUaomw&m;a[m q&mrsm;udk,fwkdif topfjyKjyifjcif;ESifhywfoufí tawGUtBuHKr&SdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ xdkolwkdYtzdkY toif;awmfü tvGefrsm;jym;aom r,HkMunfoly&dowfrsm;udk wrefawmf &SifaygvkESifhtwl uREkfyfwdkYajym&rnfrSm

]]vlrnfonfum; c&pfawmfü&SdvQif topfjyKjyifaomowå0gjzpf\}} (2aum 5;17)/

]]uREfkyfwdkYrajymrjzpfajym&rnfrSm tu,fíc&pfawmfü r&SdvQif? olonf topfjyKjyif aomowå0gr[kwfyg/ ppfrSefaomc&pf,mef r[kwfyg/ toif;om;wpfa,mufonf xm0& i&JrD;tdkifxJodkY OD;wnfoGm;aeonfudk ajymjy&ygrnf/}}

]]vlrnfonfum; c&pfawmfü&SdvQif topfjyKjyifaomowå0gjzpf\}} (2aum 5;17)/

0dIufzD;vf'f\ a'oemawmfaemufwpfyk'f

IV. pwkw¬? c&pfawmfütouf&Sifjcif;onf ta&;ygonf/

EIwfuywfawmfrdefYawmfrlonfum; vlonfc&pfawmftxJü touf&Sif&ygrnf/ bmudk qdkvdkygovJ? c&pfawmfbk&m;tzkdY qHk;jzwfcsufcsqdkvdkwmr[kwfbl;? a&SUqufNyD; ESpfjcif; r*FvmcH,lzkdY qdkvdkwmr[kwfbl;? oef;aygif;rsm;pGmcsDwJhvltkyfBuD;rsm; emrnfcHí ESpfjcif; r*FvmcH,laeMuw,f/ c&pfawmftzkdY rjzpfcJhMubl;? c&pfawmfü touf&Sifjcif;r[kwfcJhaom aemufqHk;aomw&m;pD&ifwJhaeYrSm oifhudk a&SUawmfarSmufuz,f&Sm;NyD; c&pfawmfonf oifhudk i&JrD;tdkifxJodkY csypfygvdrfhrnf/rdefYawmfrlonfrSm

]]xdktcgrif;BuD;onf tNcHt&HwkdYtm; xkdol\vufajcudk wkyfaESmif avmh/ idka c&pfawmfü&Sdaejcif;[lonf c&pfawmftwGuf tjyifo@mefvkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfrIxuf ydkí av;eufygw,f/ c&pfawmfü&Sdaejcif;[lonf c&pfawmfbk&m;&SifESifhtwl vuf0g;uyf wdkifü c&pfawmfESifhtwl a0'emcHpm;jcif;twl oN*ØK[fjcif;üyg0ifjcif;[k t"dyÜg,f &Sdygw,f/ c&pfawmfESifh&Sdaejcif;onf ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh twGif;vlc&pfawmfESifh aygif;pnf;jcif; jzpfygonf/ aovsuf&SdaomigwkdYudk c&pfawmfESifhtwl touf&SifapawmfrlNyD/ a,½Ic&pf tm;jzifh igwkdYudk jyef&Sifapí aumif;uift&yfü ae&may;awmfrlNyD/ vkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh r[kwfaomaMumifh tb,folrS 0g]]vlrnfonfum; c&pfawmfü&SdvQif topfjyKjyifaomowå0gjzpf\}} (2aum 5;17)/

V. yOör? vlwpfOD;onf topfaomowå0gwOD;

jzpfvmjcif;\ t"dyÜg,f EIwfuywfawmf rdefYawmfrlonfum; ]]vlonf c&pfawmfü&SdvQif topfjyKjyifaom owå0gjzpfonf}} (2aum5;17)/ cE¨mudk,ftopfajymif;vJjcif;udk rqdkvdkyg/ edaum'ifonf todowdr&SdearmferJhtm;jzifh xkduJhodkY awG;ac:chJonf/ ]]toufBuD; aomolonfarG;jcif;udk tb,fodkYcHEdkifygoenf;[k a,½I bk&m;udk ar;cJhonf/ trd0rf;xJodkY wzef0ifíarG;jcif;udk cHEdkifygrnfavmh[k ar;jref; cJhonf/ (a,m 3;4) tu,fíxkduJhodkY rdwfaqGtrd0rf;xJ jyef0ifEdkifqdkygtkH;? vlopfowå0g opfjzpfzdkY b,fvdkvkyfaqmifrSm v? ]]ZmwdyuwdarG;aomt&monf Zmwdyuwdjzpf\ (a,m 3;6) tckwdkif oifonf usqHk;aomfvnf; jzpfaewkef;yJ? vHk;0OóHkysufpD;aom vlom; wpfa,muf jzpfaewkef;yg/

vlopfowå0gopfqdkjcif;onf oifhpdwfESvHk;om; vHk;0ajymif;vJjcif;vnf;r[kwfyg? rqdkvdkyg/ paumzd\tv,fA[dk ''r" ]]zefqif;jcif;}} pum;vHk;uyf&yf *&dpum; ]]zefqif; jcif;}} ESifhwlnDonf/ vlonf vlom;wOD;\ tESpfom&ü&SdaeOD;rnf/ vlom;uJhodkY cHpm;aeOD;rSmyg/ odkYaomf c&pfawmfonf topfaompdwfESvHk;(tcspfESifhtrkef;)ESifh topf aomtodpdwf(pOf;pm;awG;ac:rI)tm; jyKjyifzefqif;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

'g0dwfrif;BuD;qkawmif;ouJhodkY]]pifMu,faomESvHk;om;udkzef;qif;awmfrlyg(qm 51; 10)

(odkYr[kwf)a,aZausv pmtkyfüxm0&bk&m; uwd&SdouJhodkY

]]pdwfESvHk;opfudk igay; rnf/ oabmopfudk igoGif;xm;rnf/ oifwkdYcE¨mxJu ausmufESvHk;udkEIwfí tom;ESvHk;udk ay;rnf/ (a,Zausv 36;26)/

xkdt&monf topfwzefjyKjyifjcif;? topfarG;zGm;jcif;? owå0gtopfjzpfjcif;? topfaomzefqif;jyKjyifjcif;jzpf\/

tjypfom;rsm;tzdkY topfarG; zGm;jcif;taMumif; em;vnfatmif&Sif;jyef&ef cufcJayrnf/ bk&m;ocifu oifhtm; topf aomarG;zGm;jcif;udk rjzpfyGm;apygu rdwfaqGonfoifhtjypf\jypf'PfrS b,fawmhrSvGwfEdkif rnfr[kwfovdk bk&;ocif\EdkifiHawmfxJodkY b,fawmhrS0if&vdrhfrnf r[kwfygaMumif; taotcsm ajymEdkifygonf/c&pfawmfrdeYfawmfrlonfum; ]]'kwd,arG;jcif;udkrcHaomolrnfonfum; bk&m; ocif\ EdkifiHawmfukd r0if&[kqdk\ (a,m 3;3)/ wrefawmfrsm;\ Mo0g'[lrlum;

]]vlrnfonfum; c&pfawmfü&SdvQif topfjyKjyifaomowå0gjzpf\}} (2aum 5;17)/

topfarG; zGm;cH&rnf[laom oufaotaxmuftxm;udk "r®a[mif;usrf;ü ajrmufrsm;pGm udk;um; &nfnGef;xm;onfjzpfí qmvHq&mBuD;u tEl;tnGwfawmif;avQmufonfrSm? ]]tdkbk&m; ocif? tuREkfyftxJü pifMu,faomESvHk;udk zefqif;awmfrlyg/ NrJNrHwnfMunfaom oabmopf(0dnmOfopf) jyKjyifawmfrlyg[l\ (qmvH 51;10) oif\bk&m;ocif xm0&bk&m;xH topfaompdwfESvHk;jzifh jyefvSnfhvmzdkY ya&mzufrsm;u owday;EId;aqmf cJhonf/

"r®opfusrf;ü c&pfawmfonf topfarG;zGm;jcif;ESifhywfoufí &Snf&Snfa0;a0; ajymMum;cJhonf/ (a,m 3;3ç8) c&pfawmfonf trSefwu,fta&;BuD;aom trdefYwpfckudk csrSwfonfum; ]]'kwd,arG;zGm;jcif;cH&rnf}} (a,m 3;7) [kqdk\/wrefawmfBuD;&Sifaygvku topfjyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;ESifhygwfoufí uREkfyfwdkYonf Edk;Mum;&rnf/ ({ 2;5) NyD;awmh ]]bk&m;ocifESifhwlatmif zefqif;aomvlopf jzpf&Murnf ({ 4;23)/ wzefrdefYawmfrlonfum; oem;jcif;*½kPmawmfESifhtnD 'kwd,arG;zGm;jcif;ESifh qdkifaom aq;aMumjcif;tm;jzihf¤if;? oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ topfjyKjyifjcif;tm;jzihf¤if; igwkdYudk u,fwifawmfrl\/ (wdwk 3;5)/ u,fwifjcif;ESifhywfoufonfhf usrf;csufrsm; &Sdawmhrnf r[kwf/ rdwfaqG topfwzef arG;zGm;jcif;twGuf þrQavmufaom usrf;csuf tm;jzifh vHkavmufonfxifygonf/

pdwfESvHk;topfjyKjyifjcif;twGuf þusrf;csufrsm;onf aphpyfaocsmNyD; jynfhpHkNyD jzpfygonf/

uREkfyfwdkYtoif;awmfrsm;ü&Sd vlxky&dwfowfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;? pdwfESvHk;topf jyKjyifajymif; vJjcif;ESifhywfoufí em;rvnfMuyg/ þajymif;vJjcif;onf topfwzefajymif;vJjcif;? topf arG;zGm;jcif;ESifhqdkifaom w&m;a'oemawmfudk rMumrMumem;axmifjcif;\ tusKd;&v'f wpfckjzpfonf/ c&pfawmfbk&m; rdefYawmfrlonfum; ]]taMumif;rlum; þvlrsKd;onf rsufpd rjrif? em;rMum;? pdwfESvHk;rod? tusifhrajymif;vJ? olwkdYtema&m*gudk igrNidrf;ap&onfwdkif olwdkYpdwfESvHk;onf rdkufvsuf? em;onfxdkif;vsuf? ukd,fhrsufpdudk ydwfvsuf&SdMu\[laom pum;onf þvlrsKd;wdkYü jynfhpHkjcif;a&mufownf;/ (róJ 13;15)

topfjyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í tjcm;aomaxmufxm;p&monf vHk;0 Oókef ysufpD;oGm;aom tjypfom;wkdY\ tajctaerSefjzpfonf/ EIwfuywfawmfvmonfum; ]]y#doaE¨,lpOfyif tjypfpGJygvsuf&Sdonf}}(qm 51;5) ]]ighZmwdyuwdü aumif;aomt&m wpfpHkwpfckrQ rwnfonfudk igod\ (a&m 7;18)/ tjypfw&m;vufü aus;uRefjzpf\/(a&m 7;14) uwdpdwfoabmonf bk&m;ocifESif qefYusifbufjzpf\/ (a&m 8;7) xdkolwdkYonf OmPftvif;uG,fonfjzpfí pdwfESvHk;rdkufrJaomtm;jzifh tvif;rodaomaMumifh bk&m; ocif\toufESifh uGm&Sif;vQuf&SdMu\/ ({zuf 4;18) topfwzef arG;zGm;jcif;r&Sdaom olwdkYonf aMumufrufzG,faumif;aomtajctaeü &Sdonf/ pufqkyf&GH&SmzG,f tnpftaMu; &Sdjcif;? tusihfoDvysufjym;jcif;? npfnrf;aomESpfvkdzG,f raumif;aomolrsm;onf jrifhjrwf oefY&Sif;awmfrlaom bk&m;ocifa&SUawmfarSmufü touf&SifEdkifMurSmvm;? r&SifEdkifMubl;? tvif;ESifhtarSmifu twl&SdraeEdkifyg (odkYr[kwf) c&pfawmfESifh pmwefrm&fewfuvnf; twlwl raeEdkifbl;qdkwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;rdwfaqGodvdkufyg/ rdwfaqGonf aysmufaeaomolESifh tjypfom;wpfa,muf jzpfaejcif;\oHo,udk ausmfvGefjcif;r&Sdygu rdwfaqG\toufwm ukefqHk;onfhwpfaeYrSm c&pfawmfütopfjyKjyifí r&awmhyg/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm bk&m;ocifESifh twlaeír&awmhyg/ bk&m;ocifpD ta&mufvSrf;zdkY arQmfvifhcsuf rjzpfEdkifawmhyg/ aumif;uif bkH0ifpm;ívnf; r&awmhyg/ rdwfaqGonf topfjyKjyifjcif;? topfaomowå0g jzpfjcif; &Sd&ygrnf/ xdkodkYr[kwfygu oifhtjypf\tc aojcif;ü&ifqdkif&ygvdrfhrnf/

]]vlrnfonfum; c&pfawmfü&SdvQif topfjyKjyifaomowå0gjzpf\}} (2aum 5;17)/

vltrsm;wkdYonf aovGefNyD;aemuf rdrdwdkY\tjypfom;b0 jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom b0rS aumif;uifbHkü aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif cHpm;&rnf[k xifMuygonf/ rlqvifbmom0ifrsm; xifxm;ouJhodkY aumif;uifbHkonf y&'dokbHkjzpfNyD; avmupnf;pdrfOpömrsm;ESifh aysmf&TifzG,f aumif;aomae&m[k xifMuonf/ ppfrSefaom0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkaom aumif;uif bHkonf emrf0dnmOfbHkomjzpfonf/ roefY&Sif;aomt&m xkdae&modkY r0if&Muyg/ rdwfaqG topfwzefajymif;vJjcif;&SdrSom 0if&rnf/ aumif;uifbHk\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;rwdkifcif rdwfaqG \vHk;0OókefysufpD;oGm;aom b0tajctaerSeftwGuf topfjyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;eJYqdkifaom txdtawGU &Sd&ygrnf/ ]]'kwd,arG;zGm;jcif; rcHaomol aumif;uifbHk0ifpm;&vdrfhrnfr[kwf[k c&pfawmfrdefYawmfrljcif; r&Sdyg/}} 'kwd,arG;zGm;jcif; rcHaomolomvQif bk&m;ocifESifh EdkifiHawmfudk rjrif&[kom rdefYawmfrlonf/ (a,m[ef 3;3ç5)/ a,½Iuvnf; a&ESifh0dnmOf rarG;aomolrnfonfum; bk&m;ocifEdkifiHawmfodkY r0if&[k igtrSeftuefqdk\/ (a,m[ef 3;5)? topfwzefarG;zGm;jcif;onf bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfawmfrS jzpfyGm;apjcif;jzpfonf/ a&ESifh 0dnmOfrarG;aomolrnfonfum; bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmfodkY r0if&[k igtrSeftuefqdk\/ (a,m 3;5)?

wcsKdYaomolwdkYvnf; uREkfyf\ZeD;uJhodkYyif olwdkYonf csufjcif;ajymif;vJMuNyD/ bk&m;ocifESifh0dnmOfawmfu topfjyKjyifjcif;qDodkY ydkYaqmifvrf;jyNyD; oljypfrSm;aomtjypf rsm;udk pwifípOf;pm;xkwfazmfzdkY vrf;jyydkYaqmifay;onf/ tjypfwpfck usL;vGefaeojzifh xkdtjypfudk olYrdciftm; rodapvdk? bk&m;ocifudk xm;bd? BuD;av;aomtjypfrsm;udk pOf;pm; aeonf/ xdkYaemuf rdrdtoufwmü tjcm;aomtjypfrsm;udkvnf; pOf;pm;cGifhjyKvkdufNyD/ xyfrHí pOf;pm;jyefonfrSm uRefawmfonf tjypfom;r[kwfcJh&if bmjzpfvkdYxdktjypfrsm; usL;vGefcJhovJ? bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfonf vrf;jyNyD; oif\toufwmxJü ADZtjypf &Sdonf/ tjypfom;wpfOD;taejzifh arG;zGm;cJhonf/ pdwfESvHk;om;xJ tjypfjynfhESufaeonfpk vrf;jyulnDcJhonf/ vSyaomtoufwmwpfckpDodkY ajymif;vJzdkY BudK;pm;aumif; BudK;pm;vmyg vdrhfrnf/ odkYaomfvnf; olajymif;vJjcif;toufwm&&SdzdkY ½kef;uefBudK;pm;jcif;onf atmifjrif jcif;r&SdcJhyg/ olonf tjypfukdz,f&Sm;&Sif;ypfzkdY vrf;pudk&SmazGvmonf/ tcsKdUaomolwkdYonf pdwfeSvHk;om;xJü Budwfumidk,dkNyD; cHpm;Muonf/ (vkom.*Refbef,ef0dIufzD;vfESifhtjcm;aom Edk;xrIvIyf&Sm;olrsm;) xdkolonf csKef;csKef;csidkygawmh\/

igonf NidKjiifaomol jzpfygonf wum;? þtaoaumifrS ighudktb,fol u,fvGwfrnfenf;? tckqdk&if bk&m;ocifESifh oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfu vrf;jyay;NyD jzpfonf/ c&pfawmfbk&m;udk trSefwu,f vdktyf onfudk tck olodoGm;NyD/ c&pfawmfbk&m;uvGJí tb,folrQ tuREkfyfudkru,fwifEdkifbl; yg? c&pfawmf\taoG;awmfuomvQif uREkfyf\tjypfudk aq;aMumEdkifonf[k pwifcHpm; vm&onf/ c&pfawmfxHcsOf;uyfzkdY&ef wwfpGrf;Edkifaomoljzpfonfqdkonfudk od&SdoGm;NyD/ c&pfawmfbk&m;u 0efav;íyifyef;aomoltaygif;wkdY igxHodkYvmMuavmh? igonfoifhudk csrf;omay;rnf/ (róJ 11;28) bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh tjypfrsm;aq;aMumEdkif onfudk olawGU&SdoGm;í topfwzefarG;zGm;zdkYESifh c&pfawmfbk&m;xH csOf;uyfzkdY bk&m;ocifESifh 0dnmOfawmfu vrf;jyulnDay;onf/ olYESvHk;om;topf ajymif;vJoGm;NyD; a,½Ic&pfawmfü topfjyKjyifjcif; cH&aom owå0gopfjzpfaeNyD;jzpfonf/

]]vlrnfonfum; c&pfawmfü&SdvQif topfjyKjyifaomowå0g jzpf\}} (2aum 5;17)

,ckqdkolonf tdk;vf*Refe,lwefESifhwl oDcsif;qdkEdkifNyD/

]]aus;Zl;arwåm? tHhzG,fcsKdom jypfom;ighudku,f&m
aysmufqHk;&mrS jyefawGUcJhNyD? uef;aomrsufpd jrifNyD/

oufwmc&D; aMumufzG,fvrf;rSm aus;Zl;awmftpOf&Sdyg/
,HkonfhtcsdefrSm &J&ifhtm;&Sd aMumufjcif;tvsOf;r&SdNyD/}}
   (tHMozG,faus;Zlk; - *Refe,lwef 1725-1807)

oHk;ygwpfqljzpfawmfrlxaom tzcrnf;awmfbk&m;\ aus;Zl;awmf? aojcif;rS &Sifjyef xajrmufwmfrlaomom;awmfESifh tjypfudkazmfjyoGefoifawmfrlaom oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOf awmf\ wefcdk;awmfonf rMumrSDoifwdkY topfwzef arG;zGm;EdkifygrnftaMumif; qkawmif; yXmejyKyg\/(tmrif)

a'oemed*Hk;
a'gufwmtdkifrm\ w&m;a'oemudk tifwufeufpmrsufESm tywfwdkif; zwf½IEdkif
onf/www.realconversion.com ESdyfyg ]]w&m;a'oempmrl}}

You may email Dr. Hymers at rlhymersjr@sbcglobal.net, (Click Here) –
or you may write to him at P.O. Box 15308, Los Angeles, CA 90015.
Or phone him at (818)352-0452.

a'oemrwdkifcifrSm a'gufwm c&ifweftJvfcsKdif; rS (a,m 3;1ç7)udk zwfMum; ay;onf/
a'oemrwdkifcif qdkvdkoDcsif;udk bif;*srifcif*dwf*&ufzpf(wf)rS oDqdk ay;onf/
]]topfarG;zGm;&rnf}} (0DvD,HoDpvDbm? 1819 rS 1904)